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Court Determines Whether Marketing Rep Was Really a Bona Fide Employee
From Akerman’s Health Law Rx Blog:
POSTED BY MICHAEL GENNETT ON FEBRUARY 14, 2013
In January, a Federal District Court in Oklahoma issued a ruling in favor of a former marketing representative of a medical equipment distributor. The Court determined that Gary Weaver was, in fact, engaged on an independent contractor basis, not as an employee, and therefore his employment agreement with Joint Technology, Inc. was an unenforceable illegal contract under the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute. Mr. Weaver was being sued by the company in order to enforce the terms on a non-compete provision in his employment agreement.
Health care providers often take advantage of the “bona fide employee” exception to the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute in order to engage marketing representatives and incentivize them to create business by paying bonuses and commissions. In addition, many states also have similar “mini” anti-kickback statutes that apply whether or not reimbursement is from Medicare or Medicaid. These exceptions allow employers to incentivize employees by paying them a portion of the business generated – something employers could not do legally with persons engaged as independent contractors.
In Weaver’s case, this was not a particularly difficult conclusion to make. His “employment agreement” had a provision which specifically said that he would not be deemed an “employee”. He was also treated as an independent contractor for tax purposes.
Whether or not someone is an independent contractor or an employee is determined by statutory and common law rules. The common law analysis is set out on the IRS’ website here. The test turns largely on control. Employers have the right to control where, when and how their employees work, whereas independent contractors control themselves. The issue is important for tax purposes (withholding, eligibility for retirement benefits, etc.), for enforcing the terms of engagement, as well as for making sure that payments to representatives are legal under the Anti-Kickback Statute.
In 1996, a Florida court came to a similar conclusion in the case of Medical Development Network, Inc. v. Professional Respiratory Care/Home Medical Equipment Services, Inc. In that case, it was the marketing company suing for non-payment, and the medical equipment company defending under the theory that the agreement was illegal and unenforceable. The Court agreed with the defendant, and disagreed with the plaintiff’s argument that the Anti-Kickback Statute only applies to health care providers. The Medical Development Network case remains good law and is a warning to healthcare providers in Florida not to pay their independent contractor marketers on a commission basis.
Recent Criminal and Civil Enforcement Actions
From Akerman’s Health Law Rx Blog:
POSTED BY JOSEPH W. N. RUGG ON FEBRUARY 15, 2013
In 2009, the Health Care Fraud Prevention and Enforcement Action Team (“HEAT”) initiative was formed as a joint effort between the Departments of Justice and Health and Human Services, and combating health care fraud continues to be a major focus of federal and state authorities. The Office of Inspector General (“OIG”) publishes a list of the criminal and civil enforcement actions and the punishment that has been meted out to those convicted of some sort of healthcare fraud. Here are three examples from February listings where jail time or substantial fines or both have been imposed.
- On February 1, a 50-year-old pharmacist who owned and operated 26 pharmacies in the Detroit area was sentenced to 17 years in prison. The evidence presented at trial showed that during 2006 through 2011 the pharmacies had billed Medicare and Medicaid more than $57 million, at least 25% of which billings were fraudulent as being either medically unnecessary or never actually dispensed. Similar fraudulent activities occurred with respect to commercial insurance. The pharmacist’s business model was to pay kickbacks to physicians in exchange for writing prescriptions for expensive medications or for controlled substances without regard to medical necessity. In addition to the jail time, the defendant was required to repay Medicare and Medicaid $17.3 million and commercial insurers $1.5 million.
- On February 4, two patient recruiters for a Miami home healthcare company pleaded guilty for their participation in a $20 million home health Medicare fraud scheme. The recruiters admitted that during 2007 through 2009, they recruited patients for which the home health agency could bill Medicare, and the home health agency’s owners paid them kickbacks and bribes. Medicare was billed for home health care and therapy services that were either medically unnecessary or not provided. The recruiters face jail time and fines, and each of the two home health agency’s owners have already been sentenced to over 6 years in jail.
- On February 7, St. Joseph’s Medical Center, a hospital located in Towson, MD, agreed to pay $4.9 million in connection with its submission of false claims to Medicare, Medicaid, and other federal healthcare programs. The hospital stated that during 2007 through 2009 it admitted patients for short stays – typically one or two days – that were not warranted by the patient’s medical condition but which would result in larger insurance payments than was appropriate.
If you are aware of potentially fraudulent or even inadvertent noncompliant activities in your healthcare business, you need to seek assistance to fix those problems before they become the object of an investigation. Because former employees and business partners of healthcare providers are often the ones reporting the fraudulent activities to the authorities, problems cannot be ignored.
Since the the above blog was posted on the Akerman Health Law Rx Blog, the following was posted by the OIG:
Cardiologist admits taking cash kickbacks for patient referrals — According to a February 14, 2013 press release from the Office of the U.S. Attorney, District of New Jersey:
Shashi Agarwal, 60, of Edison, N.J., who has his own cardiology practice in East Orange, N.J., pleaded guilty before U.S. District Judge Claire C. Cecchi in Newark federal court to an Information charging him with one count of soliciting and receiving more than $100,000 in cash kickbacks in violation of the federal health care anti-kickback statute.
Agarwal is the 10th person to plead guilty in the government’s investigation into the scheme to pay cash to health care providers who referred patients to Orange Community MRI, LLC (Orange MRI) in Orange N.J., for diagnostic testing.
Akerman’s Health Law Rx Blog
I am pleased to announce my firm’s new health law blog, Health Law Rx Blog.
Akerman’s Health Law Rx Blog provides timely updates on the latest health law issues, keeping the firm’s clients, friends, and readers up to date on pertinent legal developments. Akerman attorneys regularly update the blog with changes in the law and other relevant news. As this is meant to be an interactive site, your comments and contributions are appreciated. I am one of the contributors, so I hope you will visit the blog often and participate in any discussions that interest you. I plan to shadow post articles from the blog that I think you will find interesting.
Content on Akerman’s Health Law Rx Blog is intended to inform you about legal developments, including recent decisions of various courts and administrative bodies. It should not be construed as legal advice or a legal opinion, and you should not act upon the information without seeking the advice of legal counsel.
With more than 550 lawyers and government affairs professionals and a network of 19 offices, Akerman is ranked among the top 100 law firms in the U.S. by The National Law Journal NLJ 250 (2012). The firm’s Healthcare Practice Group includes over twenty attorneys and professionals representing health systems, physicians, health insurers, and other clients in all aspects of healthcare law across Florida and throughout the United States.
USDOJ S.D. Florida: Owner of Miami Home Health Company Sentenced to 37 Months in Prison for $60 Million Health Care Fraud Scheme
The owner of a Miami health care agency was sentenced today to 37 months in prison for his participation in a $60 million home health Medicare fraud scheme, announced U.S. Attorney Wifredo A. Ferrer of the Southern District of Florida; Assistant Attorney General Lanny A. Breuer of the Justice Department’s Criminal Division; Michael B. Steinbach, Acting Special Agent in Charge of the FBI’s Miami Field Office; and Special Agent in Charge Christopher B. Dennis of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (HHS-OIG), Office of Investigations Miami office.
Rodolfo Nieto Jr., 40, of Miami, was sentenced today by U.S. District Judge Cecilia M. Altonaga in the Southern District of Florida. In addition to his prison term, Nieto was sentenced to serve three years of supervised release and ordered to pay $1.1 million in restitution.
On Aug. 14, 2012, Nieto pleaded guilty in the Southern District of Florida to one count of conspiracy to defraud the United States and to receive health care kickbacks.
Nieto was the owner and operator of Ronat Home Health Care Inc. According to court documents, during the time of the conspiracy, Ronat was a Florida home health “staffing agency” that purported to provide home health care and physical therapy services to eligible Medicare beneficiaries. Ronat subsequently became a home health agency.
According to court documents, from approximately January 2006 to approximately November 2009, Nieto accepted kickbacks in return for recruiting Medicare beneficiaries to be placed at Nany Home Health Inc., a Miami home health agency that purported to provide home health care and physical therapy services to eligible Medicare beneficiaries. The owners and operators of Nany paid Nieto kickbacks in return for allowing Nany to bill the Medicare program on behalf of the patients Nieto had recruited through Ronat. Specifically, as part of the scheme, Nany billed Medicare for home health services purportedly provided by Ronat.
See on www.justice.gov
USDOJ E.D. California: Third Physician Sentenced To Lengthy Prison Sentence In Medicare Fraud Case
Dr. Ramanathan Prakash, 65, of Northridge, CA, was sentenced today by United States District Judge Morrison C. England, Jr. to a statutory maximum 10 year prison sentence. The defendant had been found guilty of Conspiring to Commit healthcare fraud, and three counts of healthcare fraud by a jury on July 8, 2011. Judge England also imposed a $75,000 fine and ordered Prakash to pay $607,456.80 in restitution.
According to testimony presented at trial, from February 2006 through August 2008, Vardges Egiazarian, 63, of Panorama City, owned and controlled three health care clinics in Sacramento, Richmond, and Carmichael. Egiazarian and others recruited doctors to submit applications to Medicare for billing numbers. Prakash participated in the establishment of a clinic in Sacramento, although he lived in the Los Angeles area. He established the Medicare provider number for the clinic, signed the lease and established a bank account for the clinic. He only visited the clinic twice.According to evidence at trial, Prakash never treated a single patient at the clinic. Clinic patients, almost all of whom were elderly and non-English speaking, were recruited and transported to the clinics by individuals who were paid according to the number of patients they brought to the facilities. Rather than being charged a co-payment, the patients were paid for their time and the use of their Medicare eligibility, generally $100 per visit. False charts were created stating that each patient received comprehensive exams and a broad array of diagnostic tests. Few of these tests were ever performed, none were performed based on any medical need, and clinic employees filled out other portions of the charts using preprinted templates. Some clinic employees admitted to performing various tests on themselves, and placing the results in patient files.
Patient files were then transported to Los Angeles where Prakash signed them indicating he provided or approved the treatments. In all, the three clinics submitted more than $5 million worth of fraudulent claims to Medicare, $1.7 million of which was actually paid. In return for their roles, Prakash and the other physicians received 20 percent of the billings paid under their provider numbers.
See on www.justice.gov
For an aggregation of other articles on Hot Topics in Healthcare Law, go to my magazine on Scoop.it – Hot Topics in Healthcare Law and Regulation and my newspaper on Paper.li – Hot Topics in Healthcare Law.
For an aggregation of other articles on improving healthcare, go to my internet magazine Scoop.it! Changing Health for the Better.
USDOJ: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals to Pay $95 Million to Resolve False Claims Act Allegations
Connecticut-based Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. has agreed to pay $95 million to resolve allegations relating to the improper promotion of the stroke-prevention drug Aggrenox, the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) drugs Atrovent and Combivent, and the hypertension drug Micardis, the Justice Department announced today.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Aggrenox to prevent secondary strokes, Combivent to treat continued symptoms of bronchospasm in patients with COPD who already are on a bronchodilator and Micardis to treat hypertension. The settlement resolves allegations that Boehringer improperly marketed each of these drugs and caused false claims to be submitted to government health care programs.
According to the government’s allegations, Boehreinger promoted each of the three drugs for uses that were not medically accepted indications and were not covered by federal health care programs. Specifically, the settlement resolves allegations that Boehreinger promoted Aggrenox for certain cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and peripheral vascular disease; that Combivent was marketed for use prior to another bronchodilator in treating COPD; and that Micardis was marketed for treatment of early diabetic kidney disease. The uses were not for medically accepted indications and were not covered by federal health care programs.
See on www.justice.gov
For an aggregation of other articles on Hot Topics in Healthcare Law, go to my magazine on Scoop.it – Hot Topics in Healthcare Law and Regulation and my newspaper on Paper.li – Hot Topics in Healthcare Law.
For an aggregation of other articles on improving healthcare, go to my internet magazine Scoop.it! Changing Health for the Better.
OIG Work Plan Will Examine Hospital-Based Physician Practice Billing
The OIG 2013 Work Plan will focus on many topics to make sure health care providers are dotting i’s and crossing t’s.
One topic is will be to determine the effects of nonhospital-owned physician practices billing Medicare as hospital-based physician practices.
[This is very timely given the renewed wave of hospital acquisitions and employment of physicians.]
See on www.bna.com
For an aggregation of other articles on Hot Topics in Healthcare Law, go to my magazine on Scoop.it – Hot Topics in Healthcare Law and Regulation and my newspaper on Paper.li – Hot Topics in Healthcare Law.
For an aggregation of other articles on improving healthcare, go to my internet magazine Scoop.it! Changing Health for the Better.
USDOJ – NJ: Former director of diagnostic testing center admits bribing doctors in cash-for-patients scheme
In the following post, note that the dollars involved are relatively modest:
The former executive director of Orange Community MRI LLC, today admitted paying bribes to doctors since April 2008 and agreed to forfeit $89,000 in proceeds from the crime, U.S. Attorney Paul J. Fishman announced.Chirag Patel, 37, of Warren, N.J., pleaded guilty to an Information charging him with one count of soliciting and receiving illegal cash kickbacks for patient referrals in violation of the federal health care anti-kickback statute.
According to documents filed in this case and statements made in court:
On Dec. 8, 2011, Patel was arrested and charged with offering and paying cash kickbacks to a New Jersey health care practitioner in exchange for referrals to Orange Community MRI. On Dec. 13, 2011, 13 New Jersey doctors and one nurse practitioner were arrested and charged in separate Complaints with accepting similar cash kickback payments from Orange MRI. Each of the defendants was recorded taking envelopes of cash in exchange for patient referrals.
Patel is the ninth person charged in the December 2011 takedown to plead guilty. Patel is the second member of Orange Community MRI to plead guilty; Ashokkumar Babaria, the former owner and medical director of Orange Community MRI, pleaded guilty on Sept. 27, 2012.
As part of his plea agreement, Patel agreed to forfeit $89,180 that constitutes criminal proceeds of the crime. As part of his guilty plea, Ashokkumar Babaria agreed to forfeit his revenues traceable to corrupt referrals, which the government has estimated could reach as much as $2 million. The seven health care providers that referred patients to Orange MRI who have plead guilty thus far have collectively agreed to forfeit over $150,000 in illegal kickbacks from Orange MRI.
See on www.justice.gov
For an aggregation of other articles on Hot Topics in Healthcare Law, go to my magazine on Scoop.it – Hot Topics in Healthcare Law and Regulation and my newspaper on Paper.li – Hot Topics in Healthcare Law.
For an aggregation of other articles on improving healthcare, go to my internet magazine Scoop.it! Changing Health for the Better.
USDOJ: Clinic Owners Plead Guilty in Detroit-Area Infusion Therapy Scheme
Two owners and operators of clinics that claimed to specialize in treating HIV and other conditions pleaded guilty today for their roles in an infusion therapy scheme carried out at two Detroit-area clinics that submitted millions of dollars in fraudulent claims to Medicare.
The guilty pleas were announced by Assistant Attorney General Lanny A. Breuer of the Department of Justice’s Criminal Division; U.S. Attorney Barbara L. McQuade of the Eastern District of Michigan; Special Agent in Charge Robert Foley III of the FBI’s Detroit Field Office; and Special Agent in Charge Lamont Pugh III of the HHS Office of Inspector General’s (HHS-OIG) Chicago Regional Office.
Raymond Arias, 40, and his wife, Emelitza Arias, 25, of Troy, Mich., each pleaded guilty, before U.S. District Judge Paul D. Borman of the Eastern District of Michigan, to one count of conspiracy to commit health care fraud. At sentencing, the defendants each face a maximum potential penalty of 10 years in prison and a $250,000 fine. Sentencing is currently scheduled for Feb. 12, 2013.
According to plea documents, Raymond Arias conceived of and oversaw fraud schemes at two clinics for which he was a beneficial owner: Elite Wellness LLC, and Carefirst Occupational & Rehabilitation Center Inc. He admitted to paying physicians to refer Medicare beneficiaries to Elite Wellness, and to purchasing Medicare beneficiary identifications for the purpose of submitting fraudulent claims to Medicare for expensive infusion therapy services that were not rendered as claimed by Carefirst.
According to court documents, Raymond Arias attempted to hide the Elite Wellness scheme from law enforcement by directing a nominee owner to assume control of the claims submitted and the bank account into which Medicare payments were deposited. After the nominee owner became involved, Raymond Arias and his alleged co-conspirators submitted approximately $10 million in claims over a 3-month period beginning in August 2010.
See on www.justice.gov
For an aggregation of other articles on Hot Topics in Healthcare Law, go to my magazine on Scoop.it – Hot Topics in Healthcare Law and Regulation and my newspaper on Paper.li – Hot Topics in Healthcare Law.
For an aggregation of other articles on improving healthcare, go to my internet magazine Scoop.it! Changing Health for the Better.
USDOJ: Owner and Operator of Florida Halfway House Company Sentenced to 51 Months in Prison for Role in Medicare Fraud Scheme
The owner and operator of New Way Recovery Inc., a Florida corporation that operated several halfway houses, was sentenced today to serve 51 months in prison for his role in a $205 million Medicare fraud scheme involving fraudulent claims for purported partial hospitalization program (PHP) services, announced Assistant Attorney General Lanny A. Breuer of the Justice Department’s Criminal Division; U.S. Attorney Wifredo A. Ferrer of the Southern District of Florida; Michael B. Steinbach, Acting Special Agent-in-Charge of the FBI’s Miami Field Office; and Special Agent-in-Charge Christopher B. Dennis of the HHS Office of Inspector General (HHS-OIG), Office of Investigations Miami Office.
Hassan Collins, 41, was sentenced by U.S. District Judge Kevin Michael Moore in the Southern District of Florida. In addition to his prison term, Collins was sentenced to serve three years of supervised release and ordered to pay $2,413,675 in restitution, jointly and severally with co-conspirators.
On June 14, 2012, Collins pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to receive and pay health care fraud kickbacks.
According to court documents, from approximately April 2004 through approximately September 2010, Collins, along with co-conspirators, received kickback payments in exchange for referring Medicare beneficiaries, who did not qualify for PHP treatment, for purported PHP services to American Therapeutic Corporation (ATC), a Florida corporation that operated several purported PHPs throughout Florida. Collins and his co-conspirators caused false and fraudulent claims to be submitted to Medicare for PHP services purportedly provided to Medicare beneficiaries at ATC’s locations, when, in fact, the services were never provided.
See on www.justice.gov
For an aggregation of other articles on Hot Topics in Healthcare Law, go to my magazine on Scoop.it – Hot Topics in Healthcare Law and Regulation and my newspaper on Paper.li – Hot Topics in Healthcare Law.
For an aggregation of other articles on improving healthcare, go to my internet magazine Scoop.it! Changing Health for the Better.
Joseph Rugg's Health Law Blog 